Definitions and pro-tips for the 220-1102 certification.
An Acceptable Use Policy (AUP) is a set of rules applied by the owner or administrator of a network or service that restricts the ways in which the network may be used. It outlines prohibited activities and the consequences of violations.
Active Directory is Microsoft’s directory service that manages users, computers, and other network resources in a Windows domain environment. It centralizes authentication, authorization, and policy enforcement, simplifying administration and enhancing security across the network.
Antivirus software safeguards systems by identifying, preventing, and removing malicious software like viruses, worms, and Trojans. Modern solutions utilize signature-based detection alongside heuristic analysis and behavioral monitoring to combat evolving threats. Regular updates are crucial for maintaining effectiveness against new malware.
Bandwidth represents the data transfer capacity of a network connection, measured in bits per second (bps). It defines the maximum rate at which data can be transmitted. Higher bandwidth enables faster data transfer speeds and supports more simultaneous network activity. It is not a measure of speed itself.
bash (Bourne Again Shell) is the default command-line interpreter and shell for most Linux distributions. It allows users to interact with the operating system by typing commands, executing scripts, and managing files via a text-based interface.
BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) is firmware pre-installed on the motherboard. It initializes hardware during the boot process, performs a Power-On Self-Test (POST), and loads the operating system. Modern systems increasingly utilize UEFI, a more advanced successor to BIOS, offering enhanced features and security.
BIOS is firmware embedded on the motherboard that initializes hardware components during the boot process. It performs a Power-On Self-Test (POST) and loads the operating system. It provides a basic configuration interface for hardware settings.
BitLocker is a full-disk encryption feature included with professional versions of Microsoft Windows. It protects data by providing encryption for entire volumes, preventing unauthorized access to data on lost or stolen drives by requiring a recovery key or TPM.
Bluetooth is a wireless communication standard enabling short-range data exchange between electronic devices. It is commonly used for connecting peripherals like wireless mice, keyboards, and headphones. Bluetooth operates in the 2.4 GHz frequency band and utilizes short-range radio waves for communication.
Change Management is a formal operational process used to ensure that changes to IT infrastructure are documented, tested, and approved before implementation. This minimizes the risk of service disruptions and provides a clear audit trail for all modifications made to the environment.
Check Disk (CHKDSK) is a system tool in Windows used to verify the logical file system integrity of a volume and fix errors. It can scan for bad sectors on a hard drive and attempt to recover readable information from those damaged areas.
chmod (Change Mode) is a Linux command used to change the access permissions of file system objects. It defines who can read, write, or execute a file, typically using numeric octal values or symbolic representations to set permissions.
Cloud computing delivers on-demand access to computing resources—servers, storage, databases, networking, software, analytics, and intelligence—over the internet. Users pay only for the resources they consume, offering scalability, flexibility, and cost efficiency. It reduces the need for on-premises infrastructure.
Cloud storage involves storing data on remote servers accessed via the internet, managed by a third-party provider. This offers scalability, accessibility, and data redundancy. Common deployment models include public, private, and hybrid clouds, each with varying levels of control and security.
The CMOS battery maintains power to the CMOS chip on the motherboard, preserving BIOS/UEFI settings such as date, time, and boot order when the system is powered off. It is a small, coin-cell battery typically located on the motherboard.
The Command Prompt is a command-line interpreter in Windows, enabling users to interact with the operating system by typing text-based commands. It provides access to powerful system utilities for managing files, configuring network settings, troubleshooting issues, and automating tasks.
RJ45 connectors are used for Ethernet network connections, transmitting data signals over twisted-pair cabling. USB connectors provide versatile connectivity for peripherals. BNC connectors are older, bayonet-style connectors historically used for video and test equipment, now less common in standard computing.
The Control Panel is a centralized interface in Windows operating systems for managing hardware, software, user accounts, and system settings. It provides access to various configuration tools, allowing users to customize their computing experience and maintain system stability.
The CPU is the primary processing unit, executing instructions and performing calculations essential for computer operation. Its performance is determined by clock speed, core count, thread count, and cache size. Modern CPUs also include integrated graphics and memory controllers.
Device Manager is a Windows Control Panel applet providing a centralized interface for managing hardware devices. It displays a hierarchical list of all installed hardware, allowing users to view device status, update drivers, troubleshoot conflicts, and enable or disable devices as needed.
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) automates the assignment of IP addresses and network configuration parameters to devices on a network. This simplifies network administration by eliminating the need for manual IP address configuration. DHCP servers lease IP addresses for a specified duration.
Disk Defragmenter is a system utility that reorganizes fragmented data on a hard disk drive (HDD) so that files are stored in contiguous blocks. This reduces the movement of the drive head, thereby improving file access speeds and overall system performance.
Disk Imaging is the process of creating an exact, sector-by-sector copy of a hard disk drive or partition. Unlike a file backup, an image includes the operating system, boot sectors, and all installed applications for rapid system recovery.
Disk Management is a Windows system utility used to configure and manage storage devices. It allows users to initialize disks, create and format partitions, assign drive letters, and modify volume properties, enabling efficient organization and utilization of storage resources.
Disk Quotas allow an administrator to track and control the amount of disk space used by individual users on an NTFS volume. This prevents a single user from consuming all available storage space on a shared drive or server, ensuring fair resource distribution.
LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) utilizes a backlight to illuminate pixels. LED (Light Emitting Diode) displays are a type of LCD using LED backlighting for improved brightness and efficiency. OLED (Organic Light Emitting Diode) displays are self-emissive, offering superior contrast and color accuracy without a backlight.
The Domain Name System (DNS) translates human-readable domain names into machine-readable IP addresses. This distributed, hierarchical system allows users to access online resources without memorizing numerical IP addresses. DNS servers maintain records mapping domain names to corresponding IP addresses.
A driver is software that acts as an intermediary, enabling communication between the operating system and a hardware device. Drivers translate OS commands into device-specific instructions, allowing the system to utilize hardware functionality. Proper driver installation is critical for hardware operation and system stability.
Dual-band wireless technology utilizes both the 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz frequency bands for wireless communication. This provides increased flexibility, reduced interference, and potentially higher data transfer rates compared to single-band wireless networks.
An external GPU connects to a host computer, typically via Thunderbolt, to provide dedicated graphics processing power. This allows systems lacking integrated graphics or with insufficient graphics capabilities to handle demanding tasks like gaming, video editing, and 3D rendering.
Electrostatic Discharge is the rapid transfer of static electricity between two objects with differing electrical potentials. This sudden surge can damage or destroy sensitive electronic components, even at low voltages, due to heat generated by the discharge.
Event Viewer is a Windows utility providing access to system logs recording events like errors, warnings, and informational messages. Administrators utilize it for troubleshooting hardware, software, and operating system issues. Logs can be filtered and analyzed to identify the root cause of system instability or security breaches.
Expansion slots are motherboard interfaces enabling the addition of functionality via expansion cards. These slots provide physical connections and communication pathways for components like graphics cards, network adapters, and storage controllers. PCIe is the dominant standard, offering varying bandwidth based on generation.
File systems organize data on storage devices, managing file naming, storage, and retrieval. NTFS is the default for modern Windows, offering security features and large file support. FAT32 is older, limiting file sizes and lacking advanced security. exFAT is optimized for flash storage, overcoming FAT32’s limitations.
A firewall is a network security system controlling incoming and outgoing network traffic based on pre-defined security rules. It acts as a barrier, blocking unauthorized access while permitting legitimate communications. Firewalls can be hardware, software, or a combination of both, protecting networks from external threats.
Firmware is a specific class of software permanently embedded within a hardware device’s read-only memory (ROM) or flash memory. It provides low-level control for the device’s specific hardware, enabling basic functionality and acting as an interface between hardware and higher-level software.
Form factor defines a component’s size, shape, and physical specifications, ensuring compatibility with other system parts. Motherboards, power supplies, and computer cases adhere to standardized form factors like ATX, Micro-ATX, and Mini-ITX, dictating dimensions and mounting points for optimal system integration.
A GPU is a specialized electronic circuit designed to rapidly manipulate and render images, videos, and animations. Dedicated GPUs possess their own memory (VRAM) and cooling solutions, offering superior performance compared to integrated graphics solutions.
Group Policy is a hierarchical system in Windows environments used to centrally manage user and computer settings. Administrators define policies that automatically configure operating systems and applications, ensuring consistent configurations and enforcing security standards across the network.
GUID Partition Table (GPT) is a modern standard for the layout of partition tables on a physical storage device. It replaces the older Master Boot Record (MBR) system, allowing for larger disk sizes and a significantly higher number of partitions.
HDMI is a digital audio/video interface used to transmit uncompressed video and audio signals from a source device (computer, Blu-ray player) to a display device (monitor, TV). It supports high resolutions and multi-channel audio, providing a single-cable solution for multimedia connectivity.
A heat sink is a passive thermal management component that conducts heat away from critical hardware like CPUs and GPUs. Constructed from thermally conductive materials, it increases surface area to facilitate heat dissipation into the surrounding air, preventing component overheating and ensuring stable operation.
A Hypervisor is software that creates and runs virtual machines (VMs) by isolating the operating system and resources from the physical hardware. Type 1 hypervisors run directly on the hardware (bare-metal), while Type 2 hypervisors run as an application on top of a host operating system.
Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) is a cloud computing model that provides virtualized computing resources, such as servers, storage, and networking, over the internet. Customers have the most control in this model, as they are responsible for managing the operating system, apps, and data.
An IP address is a unique numerical identifier assigned to each device participating in an IP network. This address enables communication between devices by specifying a source and destination for data transmission. IPv4 and IPv6 are the dominant versions, differing in address length and format.
Latency represents the time delay between a user’s action and the system’s response. Measured in milliseconds, it impacts responsiveness and user experience. High latency results in noticeable delays, while low latency provides a more immediate and fluid interaction. Network conditions significantly affect latency.
A Local Area Network (LAN) is a network connecting devices within a limited geographical area, such as a home, office, or school. LANs typically utilize Ethernet or Wi-Fi technologies for high-speed data transfer and resource sharing among connected devices, managed by a central switch or router.
A loopback adapter, also known as a network loopback plug, is a diagnostic tool used to test the functionality of a network interface card (NIC). It connects a network port back to itself, allowing verification of data transmission and reception without requiring an external network connection.
The loopback address, typically 127.0.0.1, is a special network address used for testing the TCP/IP protocol stack on a local host. It allows applications to communicate with themselves without utilizing physical network interfaces, verifying internal network configuration.
A loopback test verifies the operational status of a network interface card (NIC) by transmitting a data packet and receiving it back without traversing the network. This diagnostic confirms the NIC’s ability to send and receive, isolating potential issues to the card itself rather than network connectivity.
A Media Access Control (MAC) address is a unique hardware identifier assigned to a network interface card (NIC). It is a 48-bit hexadecimal address used for communication within a local network segment. The MAC address is manufactured into the NIC and is essential for Layer 2 data transmission.
Malware encompasses malicious software designed to disrupt, damage, or gain unauthorized access to a computer system. Types include viruses, worms, Trojans, ransomware, spyware, and adware. It exploits vulnerabilities to compromise confidentiality, integrity, and availability of data and resources.
The motherboard is the central printed circuit board (PCB) within a computer. It houses and interconnects the CPU, memory, storage, and peripherals. It provides the electrical pathways and communication protocols enabling all components to function as a unified system. Form factor determines compatibility.
Msconfig (System Configuration) is a system utility used to troubleshoot the Windows startup process. It allows technicians to selectively disable startup programs, services, and boot options to isolate the cause of a system crash or an unusually slow boot time.
Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA) is a security mechanism that requires users to provide two or more verification factors to gain access to a resource. These factors typically include something you know, something you have, or something you are, significantly reducing the risk of unauthorized access from stolen passwords.
A multimeter is a versatile electronic instrument measuring voltage, current, and resistance. Technicians use it to diagnose electrical issues by testing circuit continuity, identifying shorts, and verifying power delivery. Proper usage requires understanding polarity and selecting the correct measurement range for accurate readings.
Network cables transmit data between devices. Common types include twisted-pair Ethernet cables (Cat5e, Cat6, Cat6a) utilizing copper conductors, and fiber optic cables employing light transmission. Each cable type supports varying bandwidths, speeds, and maximum transmission distances, influencing network performance and infrastructure choices.
Network topology defines the physical or logical arrangement of network devices and connections. Common topologies include bus, star, ring, and mesh. The chosen topology impacts network performance, scalability, and fault tolerance, influencing data flow and overall network architecture.
A NIC enables a computer to connect to a network. Wired NICs utilize Ethernet cables and RJ45 connectors, while wireless NICs use Wi-Fi standards (802.11 a/b/g/n/ac/ax). NICs have a MAC address, a unique hardware identifier.
An operating system (OS) is core software managing hardware and software resources. It provides essential services like process management, memory allocation, and file system access, enabling applications to function. Common examples include Windows, macOS, Linux, Android, and iOS, each with unique features and capabilities.
An optical drive utilizes lasers to read and write data onto optical media, including CDs, DVDs, and Blu-ray discs. These drives employ different laser wavelengths and reading mechanisms to accommodate varying storage capacities and data formats. They are becoming less prevalent with the rise of solid-state storage.
A Page File is a reserved area on the hard disk that Windows uses as 'virtual memory' when physical RAM is exhausted. The OS moves inactive data from RAM to the page file to free up space for active processes, preventing system crashes.
PCIe is a high-speed serial computer expansion bus standard. It connects components like graphics cards, network interface cards, and storage devices to the motherboard. PCIe offers significantly faster data transfer rates than older PCI standards, utilizing dedicated lanes for communication.
Peripheral devices connect to a computer system to provide input, output, or auxiliary functions. These external components include keyboards, mice, printers, and external storage drives. They expand the computer’s capabilities beyond its core processing functions and rely on ports for connectivity.
Personally Identifiable Information (PII) is any data that could potentially be used to uniquely identify a specific individual. Examples include Social Security numbers, full names, home addresses, passport numbers, and biometric records.
Phishing is a social engineering attack employing deceptive electronic communication, such as email or websites, to trick individuals into revealing sensitive data. Attackers often impersonate legitimate entities to gain trust and steal credentials, financial information, or personal details.
Platform as a Service (PaaS) is a cloud computing model that provides a framework for developers to build, test, and deploy applications without managing the underlying infrastructure. It includes operating systems, middleware, and runtime environments, allowing developers to focus solely on the application code.
Network ports are virtual endpoints used by network applications and services for communication. Each port is identified by a number, enabling data to be directed to the correct process or application on a device. Ports facilitate multiplexing, allowing multiple services to run concurrently on a single IP address.
Ports are physical interfaces enabling communication between a computer and external devices. Serial ports transmit data one bit at a time, parallel transmits multiple simultaneously, and USB offers versatile connectivity with varying speeds (USB 2.0, 3.0, etc.). USB has largely superseded serial and parallel for most applications.
POST is a series of diagnostic tests performed by the computer’s BIOS/UEFI upon startup. It verifies the functionality of essential hardware components, including the CPU, memory, and storage devices, before loading the operating system. Failures during POST often result in error messages or beep codes.
Power connectors deliver electricity from the power supply unit (PSU) to the motherboard and components. ATX provides power to standard desktop motherboards. EPS connectors, featuring 8-pin configurations, supply power to CPUs in high-performance systems and servers, demanding greater power delivery.
PowerShell is a cross-platform task automation solution comprised of a command-line shell, scripting language, and configuration management framework. Developed by Microsoft, it enables system administrators to automate repetitive tasks and manage computer systems efficiently using cmdlets and scripts.
Preboot Execution Environment (PXE) is a client-server interface that allows a computer to boot from a server over a network. It is commonly used for deploying operating systems to multiple machines simultaneously without needing local installation media.
The Principle of Least Privilege is a security concept where users and processes are granted only the minimum level of access necessary to perform their specific job functions. This limits the potential damage from accidents or malicious attacks by restricting the reach of a compromised account.
Laser printers use a laser to create an electrostatic image on a drum, attracting toner. Inkjet printers spray liquid ink onto paper. All-in-One printers combine printing, scanning, copying, and sometimes faxing capabilities into a single device, utilizing either laser or inkjet technology.
The PSU converts alternating current (AC) from a wall outlet into direct current (DC) voltages required by computer components. Wattage rating indicates the maximum power output. Efficiency ratings (80+ Bronze, Gold, Platinum) denote energy conservation.
RAID (Redundant Array of Independent Disks) is a data storage technology that combines multiple physical drives into a single logical unit to improve performance, increase storage capacity, and/or provide data redundancy. Different RAID levels offer varying balances of these benefits.
RAM is volatile memory providing fast data access for the CPU. It temporarily stores instructions and data the computer is actively using. Increased RAM capacity generally improves system responsiveness and multitasking capabilities. Data is lost when power is removed.
Ransomware is a type of malware that encrypts a victim's files and demands a payment, usually in cryptocurrency, to provide the decryption key. It often spreads through phishing campaigns or by exploiting unpatched vulnerabilities in network services.
Registry Editor (regedit) is a graphical tool used to view and modify the Windows Registry, a hierarchical database of system and application settings. It allows for low-level configuration changes to the operating system, hardware drivers, and installed software profiles to resolve deep-seated system issues.
Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP) is a Microsoft proprietary protocol enabling a user to access and control another computer over a network. It provides a graphical user interface and allows remote administration, troubleshooting, and application access as if directly using the remote system.
Rootkit is a collection of software tools that enable an unauthorized user to gain administrative control of a computer system while remaining hidden. They often embed themselves in the OS kernel or firmware to avoid detection by standard antivirus software.
S.M.A.R.T. is a monitoring system included in computer hard disk drives and solid-state drives that detects and reports on various indicators of drive reliability. It warns users of imminent hardware failure, allowing for proactive data backup and replacement.
Safe Mode is a diagnostic startup mode for Windows, loading only essential drivers and services. It allows troubleshooting issues caused by faulty drivers, conflicting software, or malware. Accessing Safe Mode typically involves interrupting the normal boot process or using system recovery options.
A Safety Data Sheet (SDS), formerly known as MSDS, is a standardized document that provides detailed information about a chemical product. It includes chemical properties, health hazards, handling precautions, and emergency first-aid procedures.
SATA is a connection interface for computer storage devices, including hard disk drives (HDDs) and solid-state drives (SSDs). It replaced the older PATA standard, offering improved data transfer speeds and a smaller form factor. SATA utilizes a serial communication protocol for efficient data exchange with the motherboard.
Scripting involves writing automated sequences of commands to execute tasks within a runtime environment. These scripts automate repetitive processes, configure systems, and perform complex operations, increasing efficiency and reducing manual errors in system administration and software development.
Secure Boot is a security standard that ensures a device boots using only software trusted by the Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM). By verifying digital signatures of the bootloader and kernel, it prevents rootkits and other malicious code from loading during the boot sequence.
Secure Shell (SSH) is a cryptographic network protocol used for operating network services securely over an unsecured network. It is most commonly used for remote command-line login and remote command execution on Linux and Unix servers.
Shoulder Surfing is a social engineering technique where an attacker physically observes a user's screen or keyboard to steal sensitive information. This is commonly used in public areas to capture passwords, PINs, or credit card numbers without the user's knowledge.
Social Engineering manipulates individuals into performing actions or divulging confidential information. Attackers exploit human psychology, trust, and vulnerabilities to bypass security measures. Techniques include pretexting, baiting, quid pro quo, and tailgating, often used in conjunction with technical attacks.
Software as a Service (SaaS) is a cloud computing model where applications are hosted by a provider and made available to customers over the internet. Users typically access the software via a web browser, eliminating the need for local installation, maintenance, or hardware management by the end-user.
SSDs utilize flash memory for data storage, providing significantly faster read/write speeds and improved shock resistance compared to HDDs. They consume less power and operate silently due to the absence of moving mechanical components.
Secure Shell (SSH) is a cryptographic network protocol providing secure remote access to a computer. It encrypts all communication, protecting against eavesdropping and man-in-the-middle attacks, and is commonly used for remote command-line access and secure file transfer.
A subnet mask is a 32-bit number used to differentiate the network portion of an IP address from the host portion. It determines the network size and the number of usable host addresses within that network. Subnet masks are crucial for efficient network segmentation and routing.
sudo (SuperUser Do) is a program for Unix-like operating systems that allows users to run programs with the security privileges of another user, typically the superuser (root). It provides a secure way to perform administrative tasks without logging in as root.
System File Checker (SFC) is a Windows utility used to scan for and restore corruptions in critical system files. By running the sfc /scannow command, the tool replaces damaged or missing system files with a cached, healthy version from the system image.
System Restore is a Windows utility that allows users to revert their computer's state to a previous point in time, known as a restore point. This is primarily used to fix system instability or software conflicts by undoing recent changes to system files and registry settings.
Task Manager is a Windows system monitoring tool displaying real-time information about CPU usage, memory consumption, disk activity, network performance, and running processes. It allows users to end unresponsive applications, monitor system performance, and identify resource-intensive programs impacting system speed.
Task Scheduler is a Windows component enabling automated execution of programs, scripts, or commands at specified times or in response to specific events. It allows administrators and users to schedule tasks for routine maintenance, system updates, or application launches without manual intervention.
Thermal paste, also known as thermal grease, is a heat-conductive compound applied between a heat-generating component (CPU, GPU) and its heat sink. It fills microscopic gaps, improving heat transfer and preventing overheating, which ensures stable system operation.
A structured, iterative process for identifying and resolving technical problems. It includes steps like identifying the issue, researching potential causes, developing a hypothesis, testing the hypothesis, implementing a solution, documenting the process, and verifying full functionality and user satisfaction.
Trusted Platform Module (TPM) is a dedicated microcontroller designed to secure hardware through integrated cryptographic keys. It provides a hardware-based root of trust used for disk encryption, such as BitLocker, and verifying the integrity of the boot process during startup.
UEFI is a modern firmware interface that replaces BIOS, offering enhanced security features like Secure Boot, faster boot times, and support for larger storage devices exceeding 2TB. It provides a more graphical and user-friendly configuration interface.
A UPS provides emergency power to a connected device when the primary power source fails. It protects against data loss, hardware damage, and system downtime during power outages or fluctuations. UPS units contain batteries that supply power until the main power is restored or the battery is depleted.
USB (Universal Serial Bus) is an industry standard for connecting peripherals to a computer. It defines communication protocols, connector types, and power delivery specifications. Different USB versions, including 2.0, 3.0, 3.1, and USB-C, offer varying data transfer speeds and capabilities.
User Account Control (UAC) is a Windows security feature that prevents unauthorized changes to the operating system by requiring administrative approval for high-privilege tasks. When a program attempts to make a system-level change, UAC prompts the user for permission or an administrator password before proceeding.
Video Memory (VRAM) is dedicated RAM on a graphics card used to store image data, textures, and frame buffers. Sufficient VRAM is crucial for smooth rendering, especially in graphically intensive applications like gaming and video editing. The amount of VRAM impacts performance and resolution capabilities.
A virtual machine is a software-defined computer that emulates a physical computer system. VMs operate within a host operating system, enabling the execution of independent operating systems and applications in isolated environments. This allows for resource sharing and efficient utilization of hardware.
A Virtual Private Network (VPN) is an encrypted tunnel created over a public network, such as the Internet, to provide secure access to a private network. It ensures data privacy and integrity by masking the user's IP address and encrypting traffic.
Virtualization creates virtual versions of computing resources—hardware, operating systems, storage, and networks—allowing multiple operating systems to run concurrently on a single physical machine. This improves resource utilization, flexibility, and scalability while reducing hardware costs and complexity.
A Virtual Private Network (VPN) creates a secure, encrypted connection over a less secure network, like the public internet. This tunnel protects data confidentiality and integrity by masking the user’s IP address and encrypting transmitted data, providing privacy and secure remote access to resources.
A Wide Area Network (WAN) spans a large geographical area, connecting multiple LANs and enabling communication between distant locations. WANs utilize technologies like leased lines, fiber optics, and satellite links, often relying on service providers for connectivity and infrastructure management.
The Windows Registry is a hierarchical database storing configuration settings for Windows and installed applications. It contains critical information defining the system’s behavior and hardware configurations. Incorrect modifications can cause system instability, requiring careful handling and backups before changes are made.
Wireless security protocols secure wireless network communication through encryption and authentication. WEP is obsolete and easily compromised. WPA improved upon WEP, while WPA2 became the standard for years. WPA3 offers the strongest security with enhanced encryption and protection against brute-force attacks.
The 802.11 family defines a set of standards for wireless local area networks (WLANs), commonly known as Wi-Fi. Each iteration (a/b/g/n/ac/ax/be) specifies different modulation techniques, frequencies, and maximum data rates, impacting network performance and compatibility.
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